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The pedal piano (or piano-pédalier or pédalier,〔may be used in English as a short of form of ''piano-pédalier''; in French however ''pédalier'' can only mean ''pedalboard''〕 French ''piano-pédalier'', Italian ''piano-pédalier'' (uses the French word), Spanish ''piano con pedales'', Catalan ''piano amb pedals'', German ''Pedalflügel'', Russian ''педальное фортепиано'', Japanese ''ペダル・ピアノ'') is a kind of piano that includes a pedalboard, enabling bass register notes to be played with the feet, as is standard on the organ. There are two broad types of pedal pianos: either the pedal board may be an integral part of the instrument, using the same strings and mechanism as the manual keyboard (e.g. the 19th century Érard pedal grand piano and Pleyel upright pedal piano), or〔this was the system used for pedal clavichords and pedal harpsichords〕 it may consist of two independent pianos (each with its separate mechanics and strings) which are placed one above the other, either a regular piano played by the hands and a bass-register piano played by the feet (e.g. the 18th century pedal piano owned by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the 21st century Doppio Borgato), or two standard pianos of which the lower one is played from a pedalboard which acts on its (manual) keyboard through a special mechanism (e.g. the 21st century Pinchi Pedalpiano System). == History == The origins of the pedal piano are found in the pedal clavichord and pedal harpsichord, of which an original of the former survives while only descriptions and modern reproductions of the latter remain. The first citation of a clavichord with pedalboard appeared around 1460 in a section dedicated to musical instruments in an encyclopedic treatise written by the scholar Paulus Paulirinus (1413-1471). Organists would use these instruments for practice when no-one was available to work the bellows for a church organ or, in the wintertime, to avoid having to practice in an unheated church. Johann Sebastian Bach owned a pedal harpsichord, and his organ trio sonatas BWV 525-530, Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor BWV 582, and other works can be played on the instrument.〔("Brief history about keyboard instruments with pedalboard" ), Borgato workshop website〕 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart owned a fortepiano with independent pedals, built for him in 1785 by Anton Walter. His father refers to this in a letter to his daughter on March 12, 1785. The autographed manuscript of the Concerto in D minor K 466, composed the same year, shows a series of chords for the left hand plus bass notes an octave lower, covering about 2 1/2 measures. Some believe that the bass notes were intended for the pedal,〔("Brief history about keyboard instruments with pedalboard" ), Borgato workshop website〕 but there is disagreement about this interpretation. The additional bass notes could be regarded as a revision, where the original was not crossed out. And since the pedal was strictly for his own, largely extemporaneous, use there would be no reason to write out notes. Louis Schone made a ''pedalflügel'' for Robert Schumann in 1843, when he was in Dresden. Schumann preferred an upright pedal piano, and his pedal keyboard had 29 notes and was connected with an action placed at the back of the piano where a special soundboard, covered with 29 strings, was built into the case. Schumann wrote much music for the pedal piano and was so enthusiastic about the instrument that he convinced Felix Mendelssohn, who owned a grand pedal piano, to form a class devoted to it in the Leipzig Conservatory. Charles-Valentin Alkan owned an Erard pedal piano made in 1853 and now in the Musée de la Musique, the historic instrument collection of the Conservatoire de Paris. Alkan composed a number of works for it, in the virtuoso style to be found in his other piano music. Kevin Bowyer has revived some of this music in recent years, though he plays it on the organ. The instrument never became very popular in the 1900s, and it remains a rarity. It is mostly used to enable organists to practice at home, rather like the pedal harpsichord and clavichord were centuries ago, instead of being used to play the pedal piano repertoire. In the 2000s, pedal pianos are made in the Luigi Borgato workshop in Italy. This company makes the Doppio Borgato, an independent bass-register instrument connected to a pedal board, on which a concert grand can be placed. Borgato expanded the register of the bass piano to 37 notes, A0 to A3 (rather than the standard 30 or 32 on an organ). On September 13, 2011 Italian pianist Roberto Prosseda presented the modern premiere of the Concerto for pedal piano and orchestra by Charles Gounod with Orchestra Arturo Toscanini conducted by Jan Latham Koenig.〔("Robert Prosseda resurrects the pedal piano" ), Classic FM website〕 On April 27, 2012, the Pinchi Pedalpiano System, designed by Claudio Pinchi and Roberto Prosseda, and built by the organ building enterprise Fratelli Pinchi Ars Organi,〔The Fratelli Pinchi are siblings Andrea, Claudio and Barbara Pinchi. As of June 2013 the (website of Fratelli Pinchi Ars Organi ) does not provide any information regarding the Pinchi Pedalpiano System.〕 was presented in a public performance by Roberto Prosseda. It is a pedalboard which works with any two standard 88-key grand pianos.〔The Pinchi system does not fit pianos with extended keyboards, like the Bösendorfer or the Stuart & Sons, which have keys going down to F0 or C0.〕 The Pinchi pedalboard has 37 pedals (from A to A three octaves up) but the Pinchi Pedalpiano System has a total range of five octaves, thanks to 61 wooden "fingers", as can be seen in the picture to the right,〔Actually in the picture only the row of 25 chromatic "fingers" which play the 25 black keys of the 5 octaves can be fully seen. Of the row of 36 diatonic "fingers" which play the 36 white keys of those 5 octaves and which is positioned underneath the row of chromatic "fingers" only the highest three "fingers" can be seen.〕 which play, that is depress, the lower 61 keys (A0 to A5) of the lower piano, and which "fingers" are mapped to the 37 note pedalboard in three independent three octave stops〔That is one can play any combination of stops. Besides the individual stops 16', 8' and 4' one can double in octaves with 16' + 8' and 8' + 4', double in fifteenths (double octaves) with 16' + 4' and treble in octaves with 16' + 8' + 4'〕 (A0-A3 for 16', A1-A4 for 8', and A2-A5 for 4').〔(Wall Street Journal article on Roberto Prosseda and pedal-piano renaissance ), The Wall Street Journal, April 20, 2012〕〔http://rivista.consaq.it/online/31_13/MUSIC@_n31_gen-feb2013_31-32_Invenzioni.pdf〕〔http://www.pizzicato.lu/roberto-prosseda-rediscovering-the-pedalpiano/〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pedal piano」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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